Ahead of World Press Freedom Day on May 3, IPI highlights the nearly 1000 attacks on journalists and media and threats to press freedom it has documented in connection with Russia’s war on Ukraine. These attacks illustrate the tragic toll the war continues to take on journalists’ safety and on independent media.

IPI has been systematically monitoring media freedom threats and violations in both countries since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine began on February 24, 2022. Our public database, the IPI War in Ukraine Press Freedom Tracker, documents physical and other attacks on journalists covering the war in Ukraine, as well as acts of censorship; arrests and criminal charges against journalists; repressive new media legislation; and restrictions on access to information.

Our monitoring data shows there have been at least 980 threats and attacks against press freedom in Ukraine and Russia since the war began — a vast majority of which have come at the hands of Russian soldiers or Russian authorities. As we noted at the one-year mark of the war this February, media and journalists reporting from inside Ukraine have borne the brunt of the physical attacks during the war, with at least 11 journalists killed in relation to their work. Most recently, Ukrainian journalist Bohdan Bitik was killed while working with Corrado Zunino, a correspondent for the Italian newspaper La Repubblica.

At the same time, journalists and independent media reporting on the conflict from inside Russia continue to face systematic censorship, arrests, and repression. This includes the arrest of Wall Street Journal reporter Evan Gershkovich on March 30, on espionage charges.

“IPI’s monitoring data clearly demonstrates how Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine is also a war against journalism”, IPI Executive Director Frane Maroević said. “Ahead of World Press Freedom Day, IPI and our global network pay tribute to the journalists who lost their lives or were injured while covering this invasion. We also celebrate the brave journalists working in Ukraine who continue to risk their lives and work in appalling circumstances in order to bring us the horrors of this war and document its devastating consequences.”

Russian authorities responsible for most violations

Since the beginning of the full-scale invasion, Russian military forces and state authorities are responsible for most of the 980 cases recorded. Out of 148 violations over the past six months, 72 were committed by Russian state authorities, and 16 more by the Russian military. As such, Russian sources were responsible for 59% of all violations documented during this period. Ukrainian authorities and the Ukrainian military were together responsible for 15%, while unknown or other sources were behind the remaining 26%. Among violations committed by Russian authorities, in at least 37 cases, journalists have been unjustly detained, arrested, or have had criminal charges brought against them.

Any mention of Russian airstrikes on civilian buildings in Ukraine – as well as any other factual reporting on the war that is not officially noted by Russian authorities – is legally recognised as “fake news” in Russia and those found guilty can be sentenced to up to five, and in the most extreme cases, up to 15 years of prison.

Two journalists, Maria Ponomarenko and Andrey Novashov, have been sentenced in criminal cases after being found guilty of spreading “fake news” about the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Ponomarenko was sentenced to six years of prison, while Novashov was handed a penalty of eight months of corrective labor.

Russian authorities also continued to suffocate independent or critical journalism through censorship and other restrictive measures, including fines and publication bans. No less than eight journalists were prosecuted for “discrediting” the Russian army, receiving fines of up to 100 thousand rubles (1100 euros), according to IPI data. All of these numbers only tell a part of the story, as Russian journalists naturally turn to self-censorship to avoid retaliation.

Seven more journalists were declared “foreign agents”, a status which entails a de facto ban on the publication of their work by any media outlet seeking to avoid also being labeled as such. Meduza, Russia’s most popular independent online media, was de facto banned from operating in Russia in January 2023, when authorities designated it as an “undesirable organization”, largely due to the outlet’s reporting on the war in Ukraine.

Lastly, according to IPI data from the past six months, at least 12 major cyber attacks targeted media in Russia and Ukraine in the context of the war. Due to the nature of these attacks, these are considered as committed by unknown sources, even if in half of the cases found, Ukrainian media were attacked by what were likely hackers supporting Russia. The remaining 50% of attacks were directed against media operating in territories under Russian control: these were mainly radio stations hacked in order to broadcast false air raid alerts.

Recent killing of journalist underscores continuing safety concerns

Journalists reporting on the war in Ukraine do so at great risk to their physical safety. At least 19 journalists have been wounded or have come under fire over the past six months while reporting on the war. Nearly all were reporting on the fighting from the Ukrainian side.

As noted above, at least 11 journalists have been killed in relation to their work since the war’s start. Ten of these cases occurred during the deadliest four-month period from February to May 2022. Bitik was the first media worker killed in the line of duty in Ukraine since May 2022. The Russian military was responsible for all killings in which perpetrators could be identified.

IPI has also documented other press freedom violations and threats in Ukraine in recent months. We documented 14 cases of censorship over the past six months. The Ukrainian army also introduced a new accreditation system for journalists, which restricted access to dozens of locations near the frontline. While the measure was later partially revoked, independent journalists in Ukraine have signaled that exemptions are applied selectively.

In several cases, local authorities have also denied journalists the right to receive publicly available information, again justifying this with martial law restrictions. Several foreign correspondents have also had their accreditations to work in Ukraine revoked on often dubious claims, even if in most cases accreditation was later returned. Lastly, Ukraine’s new media law has raised concern among some in the country’s media community.

Source: International Press Institute (IPI)

Fighting has broken out along the Russian border with Ukraine after self-described Russian partisan forces claimed to have overrun a border village within Russia for the first time in the war.

The Freedom of Russia Legion, which describes itself as an anti-Kremlin militia seeking to liberate Russia from Vladimir Putin, said it had crossed the border and overrun the settlement of Kozinka, while sending units into the town of Grayvoron in Russia’s Belgorod region.

Footage of the raid, purportedly from a border checkpoint in Grayvoron, showed casualties including a Russian officer lying face down in a pool of blood next to Russian passports and other documents scattered on the floor. The video also showed armoured vehicles appearing to overrun the post.

Another anti-Kremlin militia, the Russian Volunteer Corps, which is led by a prominent Russian nationalist, also said it had taken part in the raid. Late on Monday it released video footage showing what it said was a fighter inspecting a captured armoured vehicle.

Smoke was reportedly seen after unconfirmed reports that a drone had been used to drop explosives on an office of the FSB security service.

The Belgorod governor, Vyacheslav Gladkov, said eight people were wounded after the town came under Ukrainian artillery fire, news agencies reported. Most residents had left the area but the situation remained “tense”, he said.

In nearby Zamostye village, a projectile hit a kindergarten and caused a fire. One woman was wounded in her hand, Gladkov said.

Under expanded powers, authorities were authorised to limit activities and movement and to suspend or restrict communication services including mobile networks and the internet.

The growing chaos in the Belgorod region, where local authorities announced a “counterterrorist regime” on Monday evening, was a rare case where Russian villages have come face-to-face with a conflict that their army has unleashed across Ukraine. Both Russia and Ukrainian officials have confirmed fighting at the border.

Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov said President Vladimir Putin had been informed and work was under way to drive out the “saboteurs”, the state-run RIA Novosti news agency reported.

Any capture of territory had not been independently confirmed by journalists on the ground. The Freedom of Russia Legion is not known to have participated in any major battles during the war.

“We are the same Russians as you,” said a statement put out by the Freedom of Russia Legion on social media. “We are distinguished only by the fact that we no longer wanted to justify the actions of criminals in power and took up arms to defend our and your freedom. But today it’s time for everyone to take responsibility for their future. It’s time to put an end to the Kremlin’s dictatorship.”

Video posted to social media showed a Russian Mi-8 helicopter trailing flares over Kozinka and videos of smoke rising from the settlement with emergency sirens clearly audible. Hundreds of cars were filmed leaving the area. “Something terrifying is happening,” said one woman filming from her window as a helicopter over Kozinka dropped flares meant to divert surface-to-air missiles.

The governor of the Belgorod region confirmed an attack on Monday, writing that “sabotage and reconnaissance group of the armed forces of Ukraine have entered the territory of the Grayvoron district. The armed forces of the Russian Federation, together with the border service, Rosgvardiya and the FSB, are taking the necessary measures to eliminate the enemy.”

The Kremlin said Moscow believed the attack was designed to “divert attention” from Bakhmut, the Ukrainian city where Russia is tightening its grip.

Ukraine has disavowed connection to the Russian partisan fighters, saying that they act independently and are not subject to military control.

“Yes, today the Russian Volunteer Corps and the Freedom of Russia Legion, which consist of citizens of the Russian Federation, have launched an operation to liberate these territories of the Belgorod region from the so-called Putin regime and push back the enemy in order to create a certain security zone to protect the Ukrainian civilian population,” Andriy Yusov, a spokesperson for Ukraine’s military intelligence, told Ukrainian media.

A Ukrainian presidential adviser wrote that Kyiv was “watching the events in the Belgorod region” but had nothing to do with the attacks – then wryly compared them to Russia’s past use of proxy forces to fight in Ukraine. “As you know, tanks are sold at any Russian military store, and underground guerrilla groups are composed of Russian citizens,” wrote Mykhailo Podolyak, the adviser.

When Russia’s forces infiltrated Crimea as part of its illegal invasion and annexation in 2014, Vladimir Putin used similar language, saying they were local people who had bought their Russian-looking uniforms in military surplus shops.

The US and other western powers have supplied weapons to Ukraine with the caveat that they not be used to strike targets inside Russia. Ukraine has denied any connection to past attacks on Russian territory, including strikes that have hit Russian airfields, energy infrastructure, and even the drone attack on the Kremlin earlier this month.

It is not clear whether the raid is part of a sustained military strategy or meant as a diversionary strike, as expectations remain that Ukraine is preparing to launch a summer counteroffensive to retake territory occupied by Russia.

But clashes are increasing along the border in the Belgorod and Bryansk regions. Earlier this month, four Russian military aircraft, including two jets and two helicopters, were shot down in one of the worst single-day losses of the war.

In March, the Moscow-born far-right militia leader Denis Nikitin claimed to have led a raid into a town in Bryansk.

The Guardian

On April 17, Russian journalist and activist Vladimir Kara-Murza was sentenced to 25 years in prison. His crime? Criticizing the Russian government’s brutal war against Ukraine.

Journalists in Iran, many of them women, have been arrested simply for covering demonstrations involving many parts of Iranian society — from teachers and workers’ unions to lawyers and students.

Recent arrests in Russia and Iran highlight authoritarian regimes’ continuing crackdown on freedom of expression. Freedom of expression has declined globally for 17 consecutive years, according to the Washington-based advocacy group Freedom House’s 2023 Freedom in the World report.

“While free expression does not guarantee democracy, its absence enables authoritarianism,” Freedom House’s Yana Gorokhovskaia said, announcing the report’s release March 9. “But criminal prosecution of journalists, extrajudicial violence, censorship, and laws that limit the independence of media are increasing all over the world.”

The United Nations celebrates World Press Freedom Day May 3 to remind governments to respect freedom of expression, which the U.N. calls “a driver for all other human rights.”

Freedom House will honor Kara-Murza and the women of Iran during a May 9 award ceremony for champions of democracy. Secretary of State Antony Blinken will speak at the event.

Russian authorities arrested Kara-Murza in April 2022, not long after he’d given speeches and interviews in Russia and abroad denouncing the Russian government’s war against Ukraine.

“The Kremlin’s preposterous charges against Vladimir Kara-Murza — ‘disseminating false information’ about the brutal war in Ukraine — is yet another cynical attempt to silence those who speak the truth,” Blinken said, calling for Kara-Murza’s release in April 2022.

Blinken has praised the courage of the people of Iran, who launched widespread protests in September 2022 after the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Jina Amini in police custody. Amini had been arrested for allegedly not adhering to mandatory veiling laws.

Niloofar Hamedi and fellow journalist Elaheh Mohammadi, two of the journalists who first reported Amini’s death, were later arrested in the government’s crackdown on demonstrations. “Security forces have deliberately gone after women journalists and jailed them at a rapidly increasing rate,” Britt Gronemeyer of the Washington-based Atlantic Council said in an April op-ed.

Since the Iranian regime began its brutal crackdown on protests in September of last year, the United States has sanctioned numerous government officials responsible for human rights violations. The sanctions have been imposed in close coordination with partners including the United Kingdom, Canada, the European Union and Australia.

In its Freedom in the World report, issued annually since 1973, Freedom House says the desire for freedom is universal and people will continue to challenge authoritarian regimes.

“Recent events in Iran are another reminder that millions of people are willing to call for democracy and defend their rights even at great personal risk,” the 2023 report says.

Source: ShareAmerica

OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, Teresa Ribeiro, denounced today the Russian authoritiesu2019 decision to outlaw one of the most popular Russian-language news portals, Meduza.

On 26 January, the Prosecutor Generalu2019s Office in Russia outlawed Meduza after declaring the media outlet an u201cundesirable organizationu201d based on claims that the outletu2019s activities pose a threat to the foundations of Russiau2019s constitutional order and security.

Under Russian legislation, an u2018undesirable organizationu2019 is effectively banned from operating in Russian territory under threat of criminal and administrative prosecution. The legislation also broadly extends to alleged affiliation with and providing support to such an organization.

u201cThe outlawing of Meduza shows yet again that the Russian authorities disregard international principles and the OSCEu2019s media freedom commitments, as well as continue to isolate Russian citizens from independent information. I call on the authorities to repeal this decision and stop intimidation and harassment of media,u201d Ribeiro said.

Moreover, Ribeiro expressed concern about Russiau2019s earlier, similar outlawing of investigative media portals u2014 Proekt, Istories, The Insider and Bellingcat u2014 as well as the continued mass designation of media outlets and journalists as u201cforeign agentsu201d.

As early as 2015, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media warned about Russiau2019s legislation related to u2018undesirable organizationsu2019 and its negative effects on freedom of expression, media freedom and pluralism of opinions.

Source: OSCE

Russia has continued to see a precipitous decline in press freedom as the countryu2019s military campaign in Ukraine entered its second year, according to the annual press freedom rankingsu00a0publishedu00a0by Reporters Without Borders (RSF) onu00a0Wednesday.

Russia placed 164th out of the 180 countries surveyed in the ranking, a nine-point drop from last year amid what RSF called a u201cfinal purgeu201d of the media landscape enabled by the war in Ukraine.u00a0

u201cSystemic censorship and the forced exodus of independent Russian and foreign media outlets have freed up space for the dissemination of coordinated propaganda by pro-government media,u201d RSF said.

Russiau2019s propaganda apparatus was swiftly imposed on the Ukrainian territories seized by Russian forces in the invasion, RSF said, adding that in doing so Ukrainian media had been replaced, independent TV channels had been jammed and local journalists had been hunted down.

The Paris-based nonprofit highlighted the u201crecord timeu201d in which Russia managed to establish its media arsenal in occupied Ukraine while banning, blocking, or labeling domestic independent media as u201cforeign agents.u201d

RSF compiles its annual press freedom rankings based on how easy it is to disseminate information independently without the threat of violence.

u00a0

Source: The Moscow Times

The New York Times, Washington Post and Wall Street Journal have released a joint letter calling for the release of Evan Gershkovich, who has been detained in Russia since late March, stressing that he is being detained solely for doing his job as a reporter.

The letter, which appeared in three major newspapers on Thursday and was signed by the top editors and executives of the publications, is the latest show of support from fellow journalists to Gershkovich who was arrested on spying charges while reporting for the Wall Street Journal.

“As editors and publishers of some of America’s largest news organizations, we are united in calling for his immediate release. Reporting is not a crime,” the letter reads.

“Over the past month, we have watched our industry not only rally around Evan but stand up for journalism and the importance of a free press. We also encourage support from the US government, including President [Joe] Biden and the White House.”

Earlier this month, the Department of State formally designated Gershkovich as “wrongfully detained”, and the Biden administration had dismissed the charges against him as “ridiculous” early on.

Russia’s foreign ministry announced on Thursday that it rejected a US request for a consular visit to Gershkovich in retaliation to Washington’s denying visa requests for Russian journalists who had planned to accompany Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov on a trip to the United Nations.

“The US Embassy was informed in this connection that its request for consular access to US citizen Gershkovich, detained on suspicion of espionage, on May 11 was declined,” the ministry statement said. “Other possible retaliatory measures, about which the US side will be duly notified, are being considered.”

Washington previously accused Moscow of violating international law by denying US officials access to the Wall Street Journal journalist.

On April 17, US Ambassador Lynne Tracy visited Gershkovich for the first time and said he was “in good health and remains strong”.

Last week, a Russian court rejected Gershkovich’s detention appeal and denied him bail.

Advocates have said Gershkovich’s arrest is part of Russia’s broader crackdown on media outlets as it pushes forward with the invasion of Ukraine.

“Evan’s case is the latest in a disturbing trend where journalists are harassed, arrested or worse for reporting the news,” the three US newspapers said in their letter on Thursday.

“Evan is a distinguished journalist whose coverage has provided an important window into one of the world’s most isolated countries; his detention is a loss not just for our individual publications but for the people of Russia and society at large.”

Still, Russian officials claim that Gershkovich was “caught red-handed and violated the laws of the Russian Federation”. They have not presented evidence to back the charges.

Earlier this month, Biden described Gershkovich’s detention as “totally illegal” and phoned his family.

The reporter is now one of two US citizens who Washington says are “wrongfully detained” by Moscow. Paul Whelan, a US Marine veteran, was previously sentenced to 16 years in 2020 on espionage charges that Washington has said are false.

Late last year, Russia released US basketball player Brittney Griner in a prisoner swap that did not include Whelan. Griner was detained on drug charges days before Russia launched its invasion of Ukraine.

Washington has vowed to continue to push for the release of both Whelan and Gershkovich from Russia.

On Thursday, the State Department announced sanctions against Russia’s Federal Security Service (FSB) and Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Intelligence Organization (IRGC-IO) for what it said was involvement in the wrongful detention of American citizens.

“Russia’s and Iran’s continued pattern of wrongfully detaining US nationals is unacceptable,” the State Department said in a statement. “The United States will never stop working to secure the release of U.S. nationals who are wrongfully detained or held hostage and reunite them with their loved ones.”

Source: Al Jazeera